Ginger extract ameliorates renal damage in high fat diet-induced obesity in rats: biochemical and ultrastructural study / El extracto de jengibre mejora el daño renal en la obesidad inducida por la dieta alta en grasas en ratas: estudio bioquímico y ultraestructural

Obesity is a modifiable risk factor for the development and progression of kidney disease. Obesity may harm kidneys in individuals without hypertension, diabetes, or pre-existing renal disease. Ginger, Zingiber officinale, has many beneficial pharmaceutical benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the Zingiber officinale protective effect against obesity complications which induced by high fat diet and caused renal dysfunctions. The study period was two months, and the experimental animals' groups were four, 80 Wistar rats were appropriated similarly 20 animals/group: control group; ginger extract group (GE); high-fat diet (HFD); and GE+HFD group. Body and fat weight, creatinine, leptin, TNF-α, total antioxidants, renal histopathological and ultrastructure were investigated. Rats in group of HFD showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in the body and fat weights, creatinine, leptin and TNF-α, and significant decrease (P<0.05) in total antioxidants (TAS). Ginger administration significantly showed the protective restoring the altered parameters. Furthermore, rats co-treated with ginger extract improved the histopathological and ultrastructural renal injury induced by obesity. The study concluded that the ginger extract used could suppress and decrease the renal damage induced by high-fat diet as it possesses potential medicinal values.

La obesidad es un factor de riesgo modificable para el desarrollo y la progresión de la enfermedad renal. La obesidad puede dañar los riñones en personas sin hipertensión, diabetes o enfermedad renal preexistente. El jengibre, Zingiber officinale, tiene muchos beneficios farmacéuticos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto protector de Zingiber officinale en las complicaciones de la obesidad inducida por una dieta alta en grasas y las enfermedad renal. El período de estudio fue de dos meses, y los grupos de animales experimentales fueron cuatro, se asignaron 80 ratas Wistar de manera similar, 20 animales por grupo: grupo de control; grupo de extracto de jengibre (GE); dieta alta en grasas (DAG); y el grupo GE + DAG. Se evaluó el peso corporal y la grasa, creatinina, leptina, TNF-α, antioxidantes totales, histopatología renal y ultraestructura. Las ratas en el grupo de DAG mostraron un aumento significativo (P<0,05) en el peso corporal y de grasa, creatinina, leptina y TNF-a, y una disminución significativa (P<0,05) en los antioxidantes totales. La administración de jengibre mostró una protección significativa restaurando los parámetros alterados. Además, las ratas tratadas conjuntamente con extracto de jengibre mejoraron la lesión renal histopatológica y ultraestructural inducida por la obesidad. El estudio concluyó que el extracto de jengibre podría suprimir y disminuir el daño renal inducido por la dieta alta en grasas, ya que posee potenciales valores medicinales.

Serum evaluation of leptin, IL-6, IGF-1 and estrogen in obese bitches with early stages of mammary carcinoma / Avaliação sérica de leptina, IL-6, IGF-1 e estrógeno em cadelas com excesso de peso e portadoras de carcinomas mamários em estágio inicial

The aim of this study was to relate the serum concentration IL-6, IGF-1, leptin and estrogen in non-castrated bitches with or without overweight and early stage mammary carcinomas. Forty-three bitches were divided into four groups, two groups without mammary carcinomas with and without overweight, and two groups with mammary carcinomas with and without overweight. Overweight bitches, with or without mammary carcinomas, were statistically different from bitches by ideal weight, in relation to ECC, IMCC and body fat percentages (P< 0.0001). There was a positive correlation between ECC and IMCC (P< 0.0001), ECC and % GC (P< 0.0001), and IMCC and % GC (P< 0.0001). A positive correlation was found between serum leptin and IL-6 (P= 0.0451) and leptin and IGF-1 (P= 0.05). A positive correlation (P= 0.0053) between ECC and leptin was found in the analysis of body evaluation methods and serum concentrations, and a negative correlation between ECC and IL-6 (P= 0.0435). Among the fat percentage and the leptin concentration, there was a positive correlation (P= 0.0016), as found between the IMCC and leptin (P= 0, 0209). In this study, no association was observed between excessive weight and the presence of early stage mammary carcinomas.(AU)

Este estudo teve por objetivo relacionar a concentração sérica de IL-6, IGF-1, leptina e estrógeno, em cadelas não castradas com ou sem excesso de peso, e carcinomas mamários em estágio inicial. Quarenta e três cadelas foram divididas em quatro grupos, sendo dois de cadelas sem carcinomas mamários, com e sem excesso de peso, e dois de cadelas com carcinomas mamários, com e sem excesso de peso. Cadelas com excesso de peso, com ou sem carcinomas mamários, foram estatisticamente diferentes de cadelas em peso ideal, em relação às avaliações corporais de ECC, IMCC e percentual de gordura corpórea (P<0,0001). Foi observada uma correlação positiva entre ECC e IMCC (P<0,0001), ECC e %GC (P<0,0001), e IMCC e %GC (P<0,0001). As análises de estrógeno, leptina, IL-6 e IGF-1 não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos. Demonstrou-se correlação positiva entre as concentrações séricas de leptina e IL-6 (P=0,0451) e leptina e IGF-1 (P=0,05). Encontrou-se correlação positiva entre ECC e leptina (P=0,0053) e negativa entre ECC e IL-6 (P=0,0435). Entre o percentual de gordura e leptina encontrou-se correlação positiva (P=0,0016), assim como entre IMCC e leptina (P=0,0209). Neste estudo, não se observou associação entre excesso de peso e a presença de carcinomas mamários em estadio inicial.(AU)

Alveolar bone pattern and salivary leptin levels among premenopausal obese women / Padrão ósseo alveolar e níveis salivares de leptina entre mulheres obesas na pré-menopausa

ABSTRACT Background: Systemic bone loss may lead to more severe periodontal destruction, decreasing local bone mineral density. Aim: A cross-sectional designed was performed to study associations among alveolar bone pattern, salivary leptin concentrations, and clinical periodontal status in premenopausal obese and eutrophic women. Methods: Thirty morbid obese (G1) and 30 normal-weight (G2) women were included. Anthropometric and periodontal measurements (probing depth - PD, clinical attachment levels - CAL, presence of calculus, bleeding on probing -BOP, and plaque accumulation) were assessed. OHIP-14 was used for assessment of oral health impact on quality of life. Panoramic radiography was used to obtain the panoramic mandibular index (PMI), mandibular cortical index (MCI), and mental index (MI). Intraoral periapical (PA) radiography was taken to measure the total trabecular bone volume. Leptin was measured in saliva of fasted overnight women. Results: Groups 1 and 2 differed in all anthropometric aspects, but height. Pocket depth, calculus, BOP, and plaque index were worse in G1. No differences between groups were found considering OHIP. Normal-weight subjects showed higher proportion of dense bone trabeculae than obese subjects for pre-molars, but not for molars. Mental and panoramic mandibular indexes did not differ and were in normal level. Leptin concentration was dependent only on BMI. Conclusion: Obesity affected the periodontal conditions, the alveolar bone pattern, and the salivary leptin concentration.

RESUMO Racional: A perda óssea sistêmica pode levar à destruição periodontal mais severa, diminuindo a densidade mineral óssea local. Objetivo: Investigar as associações entre padrão ósseo alveolar, concentrações de leptina salivar e estado periodontal em mulheres obesas na pré-menopausa e eutróficas. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 30 mulheres com obesidade mórbida (G1) e 30 com peso normal (G2). Foram analisadas as medidas antropométricas e periodontais (profundidade de sondagem - PS, nível clínico de inserção - NCI, presença de cálculo, sangramento à sondagem - SS e acúmulo de placa). O impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida foi mensurado por meio do questionário OHIP-14. Radiografia panorâmica foi utilizada para obter o índice mandibular panorâmico (PMI), índice cortical mandibular (MCI) e índice mental (MI); já a radiografia periapical intraoral (AF) para medir o volume ósseo trabecular total. A leptina salivar foi coletada no período da manhã com a paciente em jejum. Resultados: Os grupos 1 e 2 diferiram em todos os aspectos antropométricos, exceto em estatura. Profundidade de bolsa, cálculo, SS e índice de placa foram piores no G1. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos considerando o OHIP. Indivíduos com peso normal apresentaram maior proporção de trabéculas ósseas densas do que os obesos para pré-molares, mas não para molares. Índices radiomorfométricos não diferiram entre os grupos e estavam dentro de valores normais. A concentração de leptina esteve associada ao IMC. Conclusão: A obesidade afetou as condições periodontais, o padrão ósseo alveolar e a concentração de leptina salivar.

Medidas comparativas do padrão morfométrico e perfil energético de éguas crioulas no terço final da gestação, com diferentes escores corporais / Comparative measurements of the morphometric pattern and energy profile of crioula mares in the final third of gestation, with different body condition scores

O objetivo deste estudo é comparar e descrever medidas morfométricas e perfil energético de éguas da raça Crioula no terço final da gestação. Foram utilizadas vinte éguas gestantes, divididas em 2 grupos conforme o escore corporal (BCS); o GrN (n=10), grupo de éguas com BCS 5 ou moderado, e GrO (n=10), grupo de éguas obesas ou BCS 9, analisadas conforme o mês de gestação (8º, 9º, 10º e 11º). Foram realizadas coletas de sangue e avaliações morfométricas mensais do peso corporal (PC), perímetro torácico (PT), perímetro abdominal (PA), altura da crista do pescoço (AC), espessura de gordura subcutânea na base da cauda (EGBC) e espessura de gordura retroperitoneal (EGRP). Para avaliar o perfil energético, foram mensurados os níveis séricos de triglicerídeos (TAG), ácidos graxos não esterificados (NEFA), Leptina (LEP) e Adiponectina. Os resultados das mensurações analisadas demonstraram no GrN incremento (P<0,05) nas variáveis PC, PT, PA e NEFA do 8º para o 9º mês de gestação. Porém, na variável EGBC, o aumento (P<0,01) foi observado entre o 8º e o 11º mês avaliado. No GrO, o PA demonstrou incremento (P<0,01) entre o 8º e o 11º mês de gestação, e a LEP apresentou aumento (P<0,05) entre o 10º e o 11º mês. Quando os dois grupos foram comparados, as variáveis PC, PT, EGBC e EGRP apresentaram diferença (P<0,05) em todos os meses avaliados. Na análise de correlação, o BCS associou-se com o PC (r=0,691; P<0,0001), PT (r=0,705; P<0,0001), EGBC (r=0,701; P<0,0001), EGRP (r=0,627; P<0,0001), níveis séricos de LEP (r=0,426; P<0,0001) e Adiponectina (r=0,217; P<0,05). Dessa forma, pode-se afirmar que a gordura corporal aumentou progressivamente nas éguas do GrN, diferentemente do observado no GrO. Através dos métodos utilizados neste trabalho, torna-se possível a avaliação prática da morfometria das éguas da raça Crioula no terço final da gestação, possibilitando de forma objetiva a identificação de indivíduos obesos.

The aim of this study was to compare and describe morphometric measurements and energy profile of the Crioula breed mares at the end of gestation. Twenty pregnant mares were used and separated into 2 groups according to body condition score (BCS). The GrN (n= 10) group of mares with BCS 5 or moderate and GrO (n = 10) group of obese mares or BCS 9 were analyzed according to the month of pregnancy (8th, 9th, 10th and 11th). Blood samples and monthly morphometric evaluation were performed for body weight (PC), heart girth (PT), waist circumference (PA), height of the crest of the neck (AC), thickness subcutaneous fat on the base of the tail (EGBC) and retroperitoneal (EGRP). To evaluate the energy profile serum levels of triglycerides (TAG), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), leptin (LEP) and adiponectin were measured. The results of the analyzed measurements showed an increase in GrN (P<0.05) in the PC, PT, PA and NEFA variables between the 8th and 9th month of pregnancy. Although there was an increase (P<0.01) between the 8th and 11th month of pregnancy in the EGBC variable, in GrO the PA was increased (P<0.01) between the 8th and 11th month of pregnancy and the LEP showed an increase (P<0.05) between the 10th and 11th month. When both groups were compared, the variables PC, PT, EGBC and EGRP showed differences (P<0.05) in all months evaluated. In the correlation the BCS was associated with PC (r=0.691, P<0.0001), PT (r=0.705, P<0.0001), EGBC (r=0.701, P<0.0001), EGRP (r=0.627, P<0.0001), serum leptin levels (r=0.426, P<0.0001) and adiponectin (r=0.217, P<0.05). Thus, it can be stated that the body fat increased progressively in mares GrN, different from that observed in GrO. Therefore, by the methods used in this study, the morphometry practical evaluation of the Crioula breed mares in the last third of gestation became possible, allowing an objective way to identify obese individuals.

Triiodothyronine modulates the expression of leptin and adiponectin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes / Triiodotironina modula a expressão de leptina e adiponectina em adipócitos 3T3-L1

Objective To study the effect of different doses of triiodothyronine on gene expression of the adipokines leptin and adiponectin, at different times, and to evaluate the difference in expression between the two adipokines in each group. Methods 3T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated with triiodothyronine at physiological dose (10nM) and supraphysiological doses (100nM or 1,000nM), or without triiodothyronine (control, C) for 0.5, 6, or 24 hours. Leptin and adiponectin mRNA was detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). One-way analyses of variance, Tukey’s test or Student’s t test, were used to analyze data, and significance level was set at 5%. Results Leptin levels decreased in the 1,000nM-dose group after 0.5 hour. Adiponectin levels dropped in the 10nM-dose group, but increased at the 100nM dose. After 6 hours, both genes were suppressed in all hormone concentrations. After 24 hours, leptin levels increased at 10, 100 and 1,000nM groups as compared to the control group; and adiponectin levels increased only in the 100nM group as compared to the control group. Conclusion These results demonstrated fast actions of triiodothyronine on the leptin and adiponectin expression, starting at 0.5 hour, at a dose of 1,000nM for leptin and 100nM for adiponectin. Triiodothyronine stimulated or inhibited the expression of adipokines in adipocytes at different times and doses which may be useful to assist in the treatment of obesity, assuming that leptin is increased and adiponectin is decreased, in obesity cases. .

Objetivo Examinar o efeito de diferentes doses de triiodotironina sobre a expressão gênica das adipocinas leptina e adiponectina, em diferentes períodos de tempo, além de avaliar a diferença de expressão entre as duas adipocinas em cada grupo. Métodos Adipócitos 3T3-L1 foram incubados com triiodotironina nas doses fisiológica (10nM) e suprafisiológicas (100nM ou 1.000nM), ou na ausência de triiodotironina (controle, C) durante 0,5, 6 ou 24 horas. O mRNA das adipocinas foi analisado em tempo real, utilizando a reação em cadeia de polimerase. Para as análises dos dados, foi utilizada a análise de variância, complementada com o teste de Tukey, ou o teste t de Student com 5% de significância. Resultados Os níveis de leptina diminuíram no grupo com dose de 1.000nM em 0,5 hora. A adiponectina também diminuiu no grupo com dose de 10nM, porém se elevou com a dose de 100nM. Após 6 horas, ambos os genes foram suprimidos em todas concentrações de hormônio. Em 24 horas, os níveis de leptina foram elevados em 10, 100 e 1.000nM, em relação ao grupo controle. No que concerne à adiponectina, observou-se aumento apenas no grupo cuja dose foi de 100nM, em comparação ao controle. Conclusão Foram demonstradas ações rápidas da triiodotironina sobre a expressão da leptina e da adiponectina, iniciando em 0,5 hora na dose de 1.000nM, para a primeira, e na dose de 100nM, para a segunda. A triiodotironina estimulou ou inibiu a expressão de adipocinas em adipócitos em diferentes tempos e doses, o que pode auxiliar no tratamento da obesidade, levando em consideração que, nesta, a leptina está aumentada e adiponectina, diminuída. .

Pathophysiological Role of Hormones and Cytokines in Cancer Cachexia

We investigated the role of fasting hormones and pro-inflammatory cytokines in cancer patients. Hormones (ghrelin, adiponectin, and leptin) and cytokines (TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-6) were measured by ELISA or RIA in lung cancer and colorectal cancer patients before the administration of cancer therapy, and measurements were repeated every 2 months for 6 months. From June 2006 to August 2008, 42 patients (19 with colorectal cancer and 23 with lung cancer) were enrolled. In total, 21 patients were included in the cachexia group and the others served as a comparison group. No significant difference in the initial adiponectin, ghrelin, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, or IL-6 level was observed between groups, although leptin was significantly lower in cachectic patients than in the comparison group (15.3 +/- 19.5 vs 80.9 +/- 99.0 pg/mL, P = 0.007). During the follow-up, the patients who showed a > 5% weight gain had higher ghrelin levels after 6 months. Patients exhibiting elevated IL-6 levels typically showed a weight loss > 5% after 6 months. A blunted adiponectin or ghrelin response to weight loss may contribute to cancer cachexia and IL-6 may be responsible for inducing and maintaining cancer cachexia.

Níveis séricos de leptina em adultos submetidos a distintas ordens de execução de treinamento concorrente / Serum levels of leptin in adults undergoing to distinct orders of concurrent Training

Analisar o efeito de distintas ordens de execução do treinamento concorrente (TC) sobre os níveis séricos de leptina em adultos praticantes de exercício físico. Trinta indivíduos (27,1 ± 4,8 anos, IMC 25,49 ± 2,65) foram randomizados em: grupo controle (GC), treinamento concorrente 1 (TC1) e treinamento concorrente 2 (TC2). Foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas de leptina. O TC1 foi caracterizado por ciclismo indoor seguido de musculação. O TC2 foi composto pelos mesmos exercícios com ordem de execução invertida: musculação seguida de ciclismo indoor. O GC não realizou exercícios físicos. Ao término, foi realizada nos grupos nova coleta sanguínea. Utilizou-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA Two-Way e Post-Hoc de Tukey. Houve redução significativa nos níveis de leptina após TC1 (Δ% = -1,60; p = 0,05) e TC2 (Δ% = -0,86; p = 0,02). O TC promoveu redução nos níveis séricos de leptina, independentemente de sua ordem de execução.

To analyse the effects of distinct perform orders of concurrent training (CT) on serum leptin levels in adults practitioners of physical exercise. Thirty subjects (27.1 ± 4.8 years, BMI 25.49 ± 2.65) were randomized into control group (CG), concurrent training 1 (CT1) and concurrent training 2 (TC2). Blood samples of leptin were collected. The CT1 was characterized by indoor cycle followed by strength training. The CT2 was composed by the same exercises with CT perform order inverted: strength training followed by indoor cycle. The CG did not performed physical exercise. At the end, a new blood sample collection was realized. Were used the Shapiro-Wilk, the Two-way ANOVA and Tukey's Post-Hoc test. Were significant reduction on leptin levels after CT1 (Δ% = -1,60; p = 0,05) and CT2 (Δ% = -0,86; p = 0,02). The CT promoted reduction on serum leptin levels independently of the performed order.

Correlation between leptin and the health of the gingiva: A predictor of medical risk.

Context: Over the past decade, a growing body of scientific evidence has suggested an exquisite association between oral infection and systemic diseases (e.g. atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, premature or low birth weight babies, pulmonary diseases, etc.) and also between systemic diseases (e.g. arthritis, diabetes, HIV infection and osteoporosis) and oral and craniofacial diseases and disorders. Leptin is a hormone secreted by the adipocytes in varying quantities and regulates the body weight. The present study was undertaken in the context of knowing the role of leptin in the inflammatory process occurring in the gingiva as the disease progressed from gingivitis to periodontitis. Aims: The present study was done to correlate the concentrations of leptin and interleukin (IL)-6 within the gingiva in healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis groups of patients and to correlate gingival leptin and IL-6 concentrations with plasma leptin and IL-6 concentrations in the healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis groups of patients. Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional study and was carried out on the patients from the out-patient department of Periodontics in A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences. Patients and Methods: Seventy-five patients in the age group of 18-60 years were selected and grouped based on the gingival index (Loe and Sillness) and their clinical attachment levels into healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis groups. Leptin and IL-6 levels were estimated within gingiva and the plasma of each subject using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The results of this study were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Mean and the standard deviation were calculated using analysis of variance Fisher's F-test and then the results were subjected to Tukey's Honest significance difference method for multiple comparison among the three groups. Correlation among the three groups was estimated using Pearson's correlation analysis. Results: Results showed a statistically significant decrease in the concentration of gingival leptin and a statistically significant increase in the concentration of plasma leptin as the gingival disease progressed. Conclusion: It was concluded that as the gingival disease progressed, the gingival leptin concentration decreased, whereas the plasma leptin concentration increased, indicating a possible correlation between leptin concentration in the gingiva and the risk of developing systemic disease like the cardiovascular disease.

Relação adiponectina/leptina como método para avaliação da sensibilidade insulínica / Adiponectin/leptin ratio as an evaluation method to insulin sensitivity

Nos últimos anos, ocorreram mudanças na compreensão da fisiopatologia de doenças que cursam com inflamação subclínica, entre elas a obesidade e o diabetes mellitus tipo 2, condições que têm como substrato comum a resistência insulínica. A avaliação da sensibilidade à insulina (SI) é realizada por métodos indiretos como o cálculo do índice HOMA-IR que apresenta boa correlação com o clamp euglicêmico hiperinsulinêmico, considerado padrão ouro. Recentemente, a relação entre adiponectina/leptina (A/L), citocinas envolvidas na fisiopatologia da síndrome metabólica, tem sido proposta como método para avaliação da SI. Revisamos estudos sobre a relação A/L para avaliação da SI e os dados mostraram que, comparada ao HOMA-IR, a relação A/L constitui um marcador confiável de SI em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e em não diabéticos. Estes achados permitem sugerir a relação A/L como método de avaliação da SI, mas necessitam de confirmação em estudos com maior número de indivíduos.

The knowledge of the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases coursing with insulin resistance such as obesity and type 2 diabetes has changed. The assessment of insulin sensitivity (IS) is carried out through indirect methods such as the HOMA-IR which shows a good correlation with the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, the gold standard for IS. Recently, the ratio between adiponectin/leptin (A/L), cytokines involved in the pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome, has been proposed as an alternative method for the assessment of the IS. In this paper the authors reviewed studies that examined the A/L ratio as a tool to estimate IS and the data showed that compared to HOMA-IR, the A/L ratio is a reliable marker for IS in obese patients with and without type 2 diabetes. These findings suggest that the ratio A/L could be used as an evaluation method to estimate IS but should be confirmed in studies with high number of individuals.

Is There a Relationship between Leptin and the Phenotype of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease? / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Obesity is associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Leptin is a hormone which controls appetite and energy homeostasis. Alterations of its level in humans have been linked with obesity and related carcinogenesis. We postulated that the leptin level in plasma or tissues might be different according to the phenotype of GERD. We evaluated this hormone in patients with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) and reflux esophagitis (RE) with demographic characteristics to confirm the postulation. METHODS: The patients with typical GERD symptoms such as acid regurgitation and heartburn were prospectively enrolled and evaluated. The demographic data included body mass index, waist circumference, smoking, and the consumption of coffee. Rapid urease test was done to evaluate the status of Helicobacter pylori infection. We measured plasma leptin level along with the tissue level, which was obtained from the fundus of stomach. RESULTS: A total of 44 patients were evaluated (RE 20 cases, NERD 24 cases). No demographic data was different between the two groups, except waist circumference (mean 88.6 cm in RE, 80.9 cm in NERD, p=0.006), smoking (45% in RE, 12.5% in NERD, p=0.021) and coffee consumption (85% in RE, 50% in NERD, p=0.025). The level of plasma leptin was not different between the two groups. The level of tissue leptin was also not different between the two groups with an increasing tendency in RE (mean 32.5 ng/mL vs. 28.0 ng/mL in NERD). CONCLUSIONS: We could not find any association between plasma and tissue leptin levels and the phenotype of GERD. However, increasing tendency in RE could afford to further studies in near future.

Efeitos do exercício crônico sobre a concentração circulante da leptina e grelina em ratos com obesidade induzida por dieta / Effects of the chronic exercise on the circulating concentration of leptin and ghrelin in rats With diet-induced obesity

A obesidade vem se tornando uma das maiores epidemias mundiais, dessa forma, conhecer sua etiologia e mecanismos que regulam seu desenvolvimento é de grande relevância para o seu Tratamento. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da obesidade exógena induzida pela dieta de cafeteria e da atividade física crônica em ratos, sobre a adiposidade e a concentração sérica dos hormônios reguladores do balanço energético (leptina e grelina). Foram utilizados 32 ratos Wistar machos, divididos em quatro grupos: Sedentário alimentado com dieta padrão (SN), sedentário alimentado com dieta de cafeteria (SC), treinado alimentado com dieta padrão (TN) e treinado alimentado com dieta de cafeteria (TC). A dieta de cafeteria aumentou significativamente a adiposidade central (RET) e visceral (EPI) (p<0,05), induzindo a obesidade. Por outro lado, o treinamento físico minimizou o efeito da dieta de cafeteria, diminuindo tanto a adiposidade central como a visceral. A atividade física crônica não impediu o desenvolvimento da hiperleptinemia nos ratos normocalóricos e alimentados com dieta de cafeteria. Observou-se ainda que decorrente do treinamento físico e consequente redução de massa, nos animais normocalóricos, houve diminuição na concentração plasmática de grelina. Concluímos com este estudo que a qualidade da dieta e a quantidade de tecido adiposo, apresentaram-se como importantes reguladores da concentração plasmática de hormônios reguladores do balanço energético, reforçando a importância de uma dieta adequada e da atividade física contínua na manutenção do peso corporal no combate aos efeitos deletérios da obesidade.

Obesity is becoming one of the biggest worldwide epidemics. Therefore, knowing its etiology and mechanisms that regulate its development is of great relevance for its treatment. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of obesity induced by the palatable hyperlipidic diet and of the chronic physical activity in rats, on the adiposity and the serum concentration of regulating hormones of the energy balance (leptin and ghrelin). 32 male Wistar rats were divided in four groups: Sedentary fed with chow diet (SN), sedentary fed with cafeteria diet (SC), trained fed with chow diet (TN) and trained fed with cafeteria diet (TC). The cafeteria diet led to a significant increase of central (RET) and visceral (EPI) adiposity (p<0.05). Conversely,the exercise training minimized the effect of the cafeteria diet, diminishing the central and visceral adiposity. Leptin was also increased in the groups fed with the cafeteria diet, suggesting increase of the resistance to the action of this hormone. Chronic physical activity did not hinder the development of hyperleptinemia. Reduction in the serum ghrelin concentration was observed only in the normocaloric group. Therefore,it has been concluded that the quality of diet and the quantity of adipose tissue mass behaved as important regulators of the serum concentration of leptin and ghrelin, reinforcing the importance of a suitable diet and continuous physical activity in the maintenance of body weight in the combat to the deleterious effects of obesity.

Efectos de la leptina en el inicio de la pubertad en animales machos / Efeitos da leptina no inicio da puberdade em animais machos / Effects of the leptin in the onset of puberty in animal males

La leptina es una hormona de 16 KDa producida principalmente por el tejido adiposo, codificada por el gen ob y compuesta por 146 aminoácidos. Cumple sus funciones en la periferia del organismo en el eje hipotálamo – hipófisis – gónadas. En varias especies se ha estudiado el efecto de esta hormona en la reproducción; los cambios en su concentración y en su expresión podrían estar asociados con el inicio de la pubertad en diferentes especies animales y en los humanos. El rol de la leptina en la reproducción del macho ha sido estudiado especialmente en ratas y ratones, pero también se han realizado investigaciones en humanos y otras especies animales. En las células de Leydig, en los túbulos seminíferos, las espermatogonias y los espermatozoides, entre otros tipos de células, hay expresión de los receptores y el RNAm de receptores de leptina, lo que indica que puede haber una función importante de la leptina en los testículos. En general, se ha hallado un efecto inhibitorio de la testosterona con la secreción de leptina y viceversa, lo cual indica que la leptina puede regular la esteroidogénesis en el testículo. La leptina también puede actuar en células no diferenciadas del testículo para permitir su diferenciación en espermatocitos y puede asistir a la célula a través de toda su diferenciación y maduración hacia espermátides. A través de todos estos resultados obtenidos, se observa a la leptina como una importante hormona que puede estar involucrada en funciones vitales del eje neuroendocrino y reproductivo del macho.

The leptin is a 16 KDa hormone principally produced by the adipose tissue, codified by the ob gene and composed by 146 amino acids. This hormone carries out its functions at peripheral levels and in the hypothalamic– hypophysis – gonadal axis. In several species the effect of this hormone on reproduction and their concentration and expression changes might be associated with the onset of puberty in different animal species and in human beings. The role of leptin in male reproduction has been studied especially in rats, mice, human beings, and other animal species. Leptin receptor and mRNA expression has been found in Leydig cells, seminiferous tubules, spermatogonies, spermatozoa, among other cells, indicating that leptin could have an important role in testicular function. An inhibitory effect of testosterone on leptin secretion has been found and vice versa, which indicates that leptin can regulate testicular steroidogenesis. Leptin can also act in non differentiated cells of the testis, promoting spermiogenesis. Then, leptin appears to be an important hormone probably involved in vital functions of the male neuroendocrine and reproductive axis.

A leptina é um hormônio de 16 KDa produzida principalmente pelo tecido adiposo, codificada pelo gene ob e composta por 146 aminoácidos. Cumpre suas funções na periferia do organismo no eixo hipotálamo – hipófise – gônadas. Em varias espécies tem-se estudado o efeito deste hormônio na reprodução; as mudanças na concentração e em sua expressão poderiam estar associadas com o inicio da puberdade em diferentes espécies animais e em humanos. O papel da leptina na reprodução em machos tem sido estudado especialmente em ratas e ratos, porém também tem sido realizadas pesquisas em humanos e outras espécies animais. Nas células de Leydig, nos túbulos seminíferos, as espermatogônias e os espermatozóides, entre outros tipos de células, existe expressão dos receptores e o RNAm de receptores de leptina, o que indica que pode existir uma função importante da leptina nos testículos. Em geral, tem sido encontrado um efeito inibitório da testosterona com a secreção da leptina e vice versa, o qual indica que a leptina pode regular a esteroidogénese no testículo. A leptina também pode atuar nas células não diferenciadas do testículo para permitir sua diferenciação em espermatócitos e pode ajudar à célula a través de toda sua diferenciação e maturação até espermátides. A análise de todos estes resultados obtidos, permite considerar a leptina como um importante hormônio que pode estar envolvido em funções vitais do eixo neuroendócrino e reprodutivo do macho.

Relação entre o perfil metabólico e níveis de leptina em indivíduos obesos / Metabolic profile according to leptin levels in obese patients

O aumento do índice de massa corpórea e circunferência abdominal relacionam-se com fatores de risco cardiovascular. A leptina é um hormônio secretado pelos adipócitos, que exerce funções na regulação do peso corporal e tem relação direta com a gordura. Para avaliar a relação entre leptina e perfil metabólico em indivíduos obesos, estudamos 119 pacientes. Dados antropométricos, laboratoriais, distribuição da composição corpórea pela bioimpedância e co-morbidades foram coletados. Devido ao predomínio feminino (86,6 por cento), optamos pela análise apenas das mulheres: idade média de 42 ± 13 anos, hipertensão, diabetes tipo 2 e obesidade grau III em 61,9; 20,2 e 58,3 por cento da população. Leptinemia correlacionou-se positivamente com resistência à insulina (RI) e HOMA-IR, com anormalidades metabólicas características de RI. Não observamos diferenças no perfil lipídico, glicemia e composição corpórea entre os tercis de leptinemia corrigida por quilo de gordura. O segundo tercil de leptinemia apresentou HOMA-IR menor que o terceiro tercil. [3,4 (2,8­4,1) vs. 5,3 (4,1­6,5), p= 0,011]. Concluímos que leptina corrigida por quilo de gordura não influenciou o perfil lipídico e a glicemia em mulheres com obesidade moderada a grave com semelhante percentual de gordura. A leptina não deve ser considerada como fator que atue de forma independente no metabolismo lipídico.

Increased body mass index and waist circumference are related to cardiovascular risk factors. Leptin is an adipocyte-produced hormone and regulates body weight. Leptin is directly related to body fat. To evaluate the relationship between leptin and metabolic profile in obese subjects, we studied 119 patients. Anthropometric, laboratory, body composition (by bioelectrical impedance) and co-morbidity data were collected. The analysis was performed in the female population (86.6 percent): average age: 42 ± 13 years; hypertension, type 2 diabetes and grade III obesity were present in 61.9 percent, 20.2 percent and 58.3 percent, respectively. Leptin levels were positively related to insulin resistance (IR). HOMA-IR was related to metabolic abnormalities of IR. No differences were demonstrated between lipid profile, glycemia, body composition and tertiles of leptin corrected by fat weight. A significant difference in HOMA-IR was present when the 2nd and 3rd tertiles of leptin corrected by fat weight [3.4 (2.8­4.1) vs. 5.3 (4.1­6.5), p= 0.011] were compared. In conclusion, leptin corrected by fat weight did not influence lipid profile and glycemia in moderate to severe obese women with similar percent body fat. Leptin should not be considered an independent factor affecting lipid metabolism.

Relationship between maternal and cord blood leptin levels in Pakistani subjects

To ascertain the relationship between maternal serum leptin levels and cord blood leptin levels of Pakistani subjects at delivery, and to determine the relationship of parity with maternal and cord blood leptin levels. Lady Dufferin Hospital and Ziauddin Hospital Karachi. leptin concentration was measured in 110 normal full term pregnant subjects between 18 and 35 years of age, using Active Elisa Kit [DSL-10-23100]. Samples were selected according to availability. Mean maternal serum leptin levels were 27.9 +/- 18.1 ng/ml. Mean cord blood leptin levels were 10.0 +/- 7.5 kg/m[2], Maternal serum leptin was found to be positively correlated with cord blood leptin [r = 0.67, p < 0.01]. The average maternal and cord blood leptin levels of multigravida [n = 75] subjects were higher than primigravida [n = 35]. Cord blood leptin levels increases with increase in maternal level. High leptin level gradient exist between maternal and cord leptin. The increase in maternal and cord blood leptin in multigravida mothers is accounted possibly by the difference in fat cells between primigarvida and multigravida subjects

Importância da dieta nos estudos experimentais com ratos: Avaliação dos efeitos da suplementação com aminoácidos sulfurados (cistina/metionina) no metabolismo de carboidratos / Importance of diet in experimental rat models: effets of supplementation with sulfur amino acids (cystine/methionine)in carbohydrate metabolism

A dieta AIN-93, recomendada para roedores, é suplementada com o aminoácido sulfurado L-cistina. Existem dúvidas quanto à necessidade dessa suplementação. Estudamos em três grupos de ratos machos Wistar, dietas sem suplementação (Ssa), suplementada com L-cistina (Cis), e suplementada com DL-metionina (Met). Comparamos peso corporal, consumo, tolerância à glicose, análises bioquímicas e leptina, nos fins do período de crescimento e manutenção, que foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Composição corporal e ensaios em adipócitos não mostraram diferença importante. Resultados mais homogêneos foram do grupo Met indicando a metionina como mais fisiológico./The AIN-93 diet, recommended for rodents, is supplemented with the sulfur amino acid L-cystine. Doubts how necessary is this supplementation exists. We study in three groups of male rats Wistar, diets without supplementation (Ssa), supplemented with L-cystine (Cis), and supplemented with DL-methionine (Met). We compare body weight, consumption, glucose tolerance, biochemical analysis and leptin, in the ends of growth and maintenance period, that had been similar between groups. Body composition and assays in adipocytes had not shown important difference. More homogeneous results had been of the Met group indicating methionine the more physiological...

Effect of peritoneal glucose load on plasma leptin concentration in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients

This study was performed to investigate the effect of peritoneal glucose load on plasma leptin concentrations in the continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) performed on 13 non-diabetic ESRD patients. Plasma leptin and insulin concentrations were measured for 2 hours during a single 2 liter exchange of 1.5% glucose-based dialysate (SPD, n = 6), for 7 days of daily peritoneal dialysis (DPD, n = 7). In DPD, standard full volume (2,000 ml x 4 times/day) exchange was performed immediately after operation. In SPD, plasma leptin and insulin concentrations remained unchanged during the study. In DPD, the plasma leptin concentration increased significantly after CAPD on the first day (PD1) (11.2 +/- 5.4 to 17.0 +/- 6.0 ng/mL, p < 0.05) and this elevation seemed to persist until 7 days after operation. After CAPD, there was no significant day-to-day variation in peritoneal glucose absorption (391-465 cal). Oral intake seemed to decrease on operation day (PD0) and PD1 and then increased slowly. Plasma insulin and glucose concentrations did not significantly change after CAPD. Changes of leptin concentration were significantly correlated with the changes of peritoneal glucose absorption at PD1. In conclusion, continuous peritoneal glucose load may affect plasma leptin concentrations in CAPD patients.